The need to cheat arises out of the nature of power. . . .

"The need to cheat arises out of the nature of power. Power is the ability to set priorities that may be economic, social, military, or political. In fact, political power is the ability to allocate priorities among these other forms of power. Power is based on brute force, threats of force, persuasion, authority, charisma, deception, or any combination of these. Two of these components of power stand in a peculiar relationship to each other, a reciprocal relationship in which one tends to balance the other. Plutarch expressed this by means of the symbols of the lion and the fox. If we lack the strength of the lion, we can make up for this deficiency by using the cunning of the fox. Machiavelli described this relationship in detail, emphasizing 'force' versus 'fraud.' Hobbes agreed. The question is one of brute force versus dissembling, cunning, guile, fraud--in short, force versus deception.

The principle of force versus deception applies at all levels of human organization."


. . . CHEATING . . . 1982 . . . J. Barton Bowyer . . . (3-4)